A group of scientists from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have invented a new solar energy technology which is more efficient and can reduce the use of fossil fuels and mitigate the global warming.
In traditional technology, scientists use semiconductor materials to produce solar cells. The semiconductor material takes in the light immediately after it strikes the cell. Then energy is transferred to the electrons, which are forced to move in a certain direction and result in a current. The metals attached to the solar cell remove the current form the photovoltaic cell. In this way, solar energy is converted to electricity. However, solar cells made from semiconductor materials are very costly. The new technology developed by this team of scientists uses smart materials that make the photovoltaic panels more economical. In addition, this new technology miniaturizes the concentrator solar cell. In this system, the rows of lenses maintain its surface perpendicular to the sunlight and follow the movement of the sun all the day. Although the new solar cell is just as small as a postage stamp, the efficiency of its utilization of the sunlight is 66% larger than the conventional one, which is only 14%. The increase on the efficiency of solar energy also brings down the its cost.
In the US, the large amount of electricity consumption is extremely large and it also leads to large carbon dioxide emission. According to Anna Dyson and Dr. Jensen from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, this high-tech solar panel is a remarkable breakthrough as it allows us to use less fossil fuels, lightening the problem of global warming. It is planed to install this system in the Center for Excellence and Environmental Energy Systems and the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York, in 2008 and 2009 respectively.
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The original article is retrieved Sep. 25, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2007/0507-bringing_sunlight_inside.htm
2008年9月28日星期日
2008年9月14日星期日
Adverbial clauses of time
When I write English essays especially dealing with long sentences, I often encounter problems with Parallelism. They often result from my unfamiliarity of parallel sentences and of course, the limitation of my vocabulary. After reading the related topics on the Internet, I conclude that Parallelism can be used in two aspects: words and phrases; clauses.
In terms of words and phrases, parallelism often involves words with -ing forms and words with -infinite phrases. In a parallel sentence, one form of words/phrases should be used consistently, that is to say, we should not mix -ing and to do words/phrases. There are some examples below:
1. –ing form: Jack loves to run, swim, hike and paint.
2. To do form: Jack loves running, swimming, hiking and painting.
Besides word forms mentioned above, adverbs and adjectives should be used consistently. For example, if we use some adverbs to describe an action, we should not use a predicate complement instead. It is the same with adjectives. For example:
1. Adverb: This report about the genetically modified food is written quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
2. Adjective: This report about the genetically modified food is written in a quick, accurate and detailed manner.
Secondly, if we begin a sentence with clauses, we must insist on clauses all the way. Parallelism will be broken by the alternation of patterns or the voice of the verb. For example:
1. Passive voice: This meeting is begun in June and ended in August.
2. Active voice: This meeting begins in June and continues to August.
Parallelism can be used in many fields such as series, paired items, and lists. We should pay attention to the parallelism and apply the two general rules discussed above when we are dealing with these structures and sentences. Here are some examples:
1. Series: In the ceremony, she performed dancing, singing and playing piano.
2. Paired items: Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (John F. Kennedy)
3. Lists: The object of EG1471: to prepare for your academic writing tasks, to understand organization and meaning in reading, to further develop your reading skills.(IVLE, 2008)
Exercises:
Rewrite the following sentences to correct the parallelism errors:
1. As a famous actor, Jacky Chen knows how to memorize his lines and getting into character.
2. To donate money to the homeless shelter is helping people stay warm in the winter.
3. The writer was brilliant but a recluse.
4. Marcie studied for the test by reviewing her class notes and she read her textbook.
Reference:
IVLE (2008). IVLE Module Outline. Retrieved Sep. 13, 2008, from
http://ivle.nus.edu.sg/Lms/course/course_studentview.aspx?CourseID=d5b1abbb-6050-4847-985a-c1f89796818c&flag=WS
In terms of words and phrases, parallelism often involves words with -ing forms and words with -infinite phrases. In a parallel sentence, one form of words/phrases should be used consistently, that is to say, we should not mix -ing and to do words/phrases. There are some examples below:
1. –ing form: Jack loves to run, swim, hike and paint.
2. To do form: Jack loves running, swimming, hiking and painting.
Besides word forms mentioned above, adverbs and adjectives should be used consistently. For example, if we use some adverbs to describe an action, we should not use a predicate complement instead. It is the same with adjectives. For example:
1. Adverb: This report about the genetically modified food is written quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
2. Adjective: This report about the genetically modified food is written in a quick, accurate and detailed manner.
Secondly, if we begin a sentence with clauses, we must insist on clauses all the way. Parallelism will be broken by the alternation of patterns or the voice of the verb. For example:
1. Passive voice: This meeting is begun in June and ended in August.
2. Active voice: This meeting begins in June and continues to August.
Parallelism can be used in many fields such as series, paired items, and lists. We should pay attention to the parallelism and apply the two general rules discussed above when we are dealing with these structures and sentences. Here are some examples:
1. Series: In the ceremony, she performed dancing, singing and playing piano.
2. Paired items: Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (John F. Kennedy)
3. Lists: The object of EG1471: to prepare for your academic writing tasks, to understand organization and meaning in reading, to further develop your reading skills.(IVLE, 2008)
Exercises:
Rewrite the following sentences to correct the parallelism errors:
1. As a famous actor, Jacky Chen knows how to memorize his lines and getting into character.
2. To donate money to the homeless shelter is helping people stay warm in the winter.
3. The writer was brilliant but a recluse.
4. Marcie studied for the test by reviewing her class notes and she read her textbook.
Reference:
IVLE (2008). IVLE Module Outline. Retrieved Sep. 13, 2008, from
http://ivle.nus.edu.sg/Lms/course/course_studentview.aspx?CourseID=d5b1abbb-6050-4847-985a-c1f89796818c&flag=WS
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